Which theory suggests that certain elites have disproportionate influence over policy outcomes?

The correct choice is Elite Power Theory, which posits that a small group of elites, typically from the upper echelons of society or those with significant resources, wield considerable influence over policy decisions and outcomes. This theory emphasizes that political power is concentrated within this elite group, allowing them to shape policies in ways that reflect their interests, often at the expense of the larger population. The theory argues that even in democratic systems, the voices and concerns of ordinary citizens may be marginalized, as the elite can leverage their resources to lobby, campaign, and manipulate political processes.

In contrast, pluralist theory advocates for a more balanced view of power distribution, suggesting that a multitude of competing interest groups can influence policy, which can lead to a more representative outcome. Marxist theory focuses on the role of class struggle and economic factors, positing that the ruling class controls the means of production and thus influences policy to maintain its dominance. Participatory theory emphasizes the importance of citizen involvement in the decision-making process, suggesting that more inclusive participation leads to better outcomes for society as a whole. Elite Power Theory, therefore, contrasts with these views by specifically highlighting the concentrated influence that certain elites have over policy-making.